ghk-cu plasma levels age decline 200 ng/ml to 80 ng/ml Courtesy of @research_stack GHK-Cu Complete Guide: Skin &

They reduce mitochondrial oxidative damage by restricting mitochondrial ROS generation and increasing mitochondrial antioxidant systems such as mitochondrial SOD

ROS are able to activate multiple signalling cascades, including MAPK pathways that regulate AP1 and NFKB transcription factors, which govern proliferation, survival, and immune responses [17, 25]

Journal of Orthopaedic Research , 24(5), 982989

893 Csp3-like proteins differ slightly in Cu I -binding stoichiometries, but all contain a common core of three tetrameric Cu-binding clusters (which collectively bind 12 Cu), with the additional coordination chemistry variable above or below this cluster (Figure 52)